Scotland. Titles of European hereditary rulers

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Scotland

Overview.

In the Early Middle Ages, on the territory of the modern Scotland there were states of peoples of various origins: the Picts, who inhabited the land from the prehistoric time; the Scots, who came from Ireland, and the Brythons \ Britons.

In the 9th century, the Kingdoms of the Scots and the Picts united.

By the second half of the 11th century, the territorial composition of the Kingdom of Scotland (also known as Alba) had finalized with the acquisition of the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde.

In 1603, King James VI of Scots, became King of England, thus Scotland entered into a personal union with England.

After the execution of King Charles I of England and Scotland in London in January 1649, the Scottish Covenants supported his son, Charles II, who was crowned King of Scotland. Charles fled Scotland for France after his defeat at the battle of Worcester in September 1651. The English Parliamentarian army occupied Scotland, its legislative institutions were abolished, and the country was annexed to the Commonwealth of England.

In 1660, the monarchy was restored in England and Scotland, and Charles II returned from exile.

In 1707, the Kingdom of Scotland ceased to exist following passage of the Acts of Union, which merged Scotland with England thereby creating the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Bibliography.

1. Rymer, Thomas; Holmes, George. Foedera, conventions, litterae, et cujuscumque generic acta publica inter reges Angliae et alios quosvis imperatores, reges, pontifices, principes, vel communitates. 1101-1654 (London : Tonson, 1727-1729; 2nd ed., 17 vols).

2. Lawrie, Archibald Campbell. Early Scottish Charters: Prior to A.D. 1153 (Glasgow : J. MacLehose and sons, 1905):

3. State Tracts (London : Richard Baldwin, 1692; reprinted by Scholarly Resources, 1973).

4. The Register of the Great Seal of Scotland / Registrum magni sigilli regum Scotorum. (Edinburgh : H.M. General Register House, 1883-1914).

5. Foedera, conventions, litterae et conjuscunque generis acta publica (London : Record Commission, 1816-1869; New edition by ed. Adam Clarke, Frederick Holbrook and John Caley. 4 vols in 7 parts, 1069-1383).

6. Macphail, James Robert Nicolson. The Highland papers ( Edinburgh : University Press, 1916).

7. Fraser, William, Sir. The Lennox (Edinburgh : T. & A. Constable, 1874).

8. Diplomatarium norvegicum: Oldbreve til Kundskab om Norges indre og ydre Forhold, Sprog, Slægter, Sæder, Lovgivning og Rettergang i Middelalderen (Christiania : 1847-1919; Oslo : 1976-).

9. Dickinson, William Croft; Donaldson, Gordon, Milne, Isabel A. A source book of Scottish history (London; New York : Nelson, 1958).

10. Vans Agnew, Robert. Correspondence of Sir Patrick Waus of Barnbarroch, Knight (Edinburgh : 1882).

11. Fraser, William. The Melvilles Earls of Melville and the Leslies Earls of Leven (Edinburgh : 1890).

12. Marwick, (Sir) James David; Hunter, Thomas. Extracts from the Records of the Convention of the Royal Burghs of Scotland (Edinburgh : 1870-1918).

13. Keith, Robert; Lawson, John P.; Lyon, C. J. History of the affairs of church and state in Scotland, from the beginning of the Reformation to the year 1568 (Edinburgh : 1844-1850; 3 vols.).

14. Michaud, Joseph-François; Poujoulat, Jean-Joseph-François. Nouvelle collection des Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France, depuis le XIIIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe (Paris : 1836-).

15. Labanoff, Alexandre (Prince). Lettres, instructions et memoires de Marie Stuart, reine d'Ecosse (Londres : C. Dolman; 7 vols.).

16. Charters of the Abbey of Crosraguel (Edinburgh : 1886; 2 vols.);

17. Hay Fleming, David. Mary Queen of Scots from Her Birth till Her Flight into England (2nd edit.; London : 1898).

18. Stewart, Charles Poyntz. Historic memorials of the Stewarts of Forthergill, Perthshire, and their male descendants (Edinburgh & London : W. & A.K. Johnston, 1879)

19. Cobbett, William; Jardine, David; Howell, Thomas Jones; Howell, Thomas Bayly. A complete collection of state trials and proceedings for high treason and other crimes and misdemeanors (London : 1816-1828)

20. Nicoll, John. A diary of public transactions and other occurrences, chiefly in Scotland, from January, 1650, to June, 1667 (Edinburgh : 1836).

21. Wodrow, Robert; Burns, Robert. The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution (Glasgow : Blackie, 1832).

22. Gregory, Donald; Forbes Skene, William Collectanea de Rebus Albanicis consisting of Original Papers and Documents Relating to the History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, ed. The Iona Club (Edinburgh : Thomas G. Stevenson, 1847).

23. Littlejohn, David. Records of the Sheriff Court of Aberdeenshire (Aberdeen : 1904-).

24. The Miscellany of the Spalding Club (Aberdeen).

25. Almack, Edward. The History of the Second Dragoons "Royal Scots Greys" (London : 1908).

26. Miscellany of the Maitland Club (Edinburgh : 1834-).

27. Clifford, Arthur; Scott, Walter. The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler (Edinburgh : 1809).

28. Burton, John Hill; Masson, David; Brown, Peter Hume; Hannay, Robert Kerr; Paton, Henry. The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland (Edinburgh : H. M. General Register House, 1877-).

29. Hay, Richard Augustine. Genealogie of the Sainteclaires of Rosslyn (Edinburgh : T. G. Stevenson, 1835).

30. Anderson, Archibald; Innes, Cosmo; Thomson, Thomas. The acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (< Edinburgh : >, 1814-).

Geographical names.

England -> Anglia; Angleterre;

Ireland -> Hibernia; Éire;

Scotland -> Scotia; Escoce;

Scots -> Scottorum;

Chistian (First) names.

Charles -> Carolus;

Duncan -> Donnchadh;

James -> Jacobus;

John -> Johannes;

Kenneth -> Cináed;

Malcolm -> Maol Chaluim;

William -> Guillelmus / Willelmus; Uilleam;

--- the 11th century-1558

King of the Scots;

@ Samples:

(1126) [2: p.43; Doc.# LXV]

< David I (+1153), King of Scotland 1124 >

David Dei gratia Rex Scottorum

(June 1137) [2: p.89; Doc.# CXVI]

David Dei gratia Rex Scottorum

(Aug 1240) [6: p.227]

< Alexander II (+1249), King of Scotland 1214 >

Alexander dei gracia Rex Scottorum

(1296) [5: volume 1; p.841]

< John Baliol ( +btw 1313 & 1314), King of Scotland [1292-1296] >

Johan, par la grace de Dieu, Rey de Escoce

(Mar 1323) [5: volume 2; p.511]

< Robert I Bruce (+1329), King of Scotland 1306 >

Robert, par la grace Dieu, Roi d’Escoce

(Nov 1332) [5: volume 2; p.847]

< Edward Baliol, King of Scotland [1332-1336] >

Edward, par la grace de Dieu, Roi d'Escoce

(Oct 1361) [4: volume 1; Doc.# 101]

< David II (+1371), King 1329 of Scotland >

David Dei gracia rex Scottorum

(Juno 1371) [4: volume 1; p.132; Doc.# 375]

< Robert II (+1390), King of Scotland 1371 >

Robertus Dei gracia rex Scottorum

(Aug 1404) [1: volume 8; p.369]

< Robert III (+1406), King of Scotland 1390 >

Robertus, Dei gratiâ, Rex Scottorum

(Apr 1425) [1: volume 10; p.343]

< James I (+1437), King of Scotland 1406/1424 >

Jacobus, Dei gratiâ, Rex Scottorum

(May 1449) [1: volume 11; p.229]

< James II (+1460), King of Scotland 1437 >

Jacobus, Dei gratiâ, Rex Scotorum

(Feb 1477, n.s.) [1: volume 12; p.41]

< James III (+1488), King of Scotland 1460 >

James, be the Grace of God, King of Scottis

(Feb 1498, n.s.) [1: volume 12; p.673]

< James IV (+1513), King of Scotland 1488 >

Jacobus, Dei Gratiâ, Rex Scotorum

(1528) [9: volume 2; p.31]

< James V (+1542), King of Scotland 1513 >

James, be the grace of God, King of Scottis

(June 1546) [24: volume II (1842); p.199; Doc.# XXII]

< Mary I (+1587), Queen of Scotland [1542-July 1567]; ~(1) Apr 1558 Francis II (+Dec 1560), Dolphin of Vienne; King of France July 1559; ~(2) July 1565 Henry Stuart (+ Feb 1567), Lord Danley; ~(3) May 1567 James Hepburn (+1578), Earl of Bothwell >

Marie be the grace of God Quene of Scottis

(Apr 1558) [30: volume II (1814); p.518]

Maria dei gratia Scotorum Regina

@ Samples [Regents]:

(1406) [4: volume 1; p.355; Doc.# 876]

< Robert (+1420), 1st Duke of Albany; son of Robert II, King of Scotland; ~ (1) Mary-Margaret Graham (+1380), Countess of Menteith >

Robertus dux Albanie

comes de Fyfe et de Mentethe ac

gubernator regni Scocie

(Aug 1423) [1: volume 10; p.288]

< Murdoch Stuart (+1425), 2nd Duke of Albany, etc. >

Murdacus, Dux Albaniæ

Comes de Fife & de Menteth ac

Regni Scotiæ Gubernator

(May 1515) [1: volume 13; p.510]

< John (+1536), Duke of Albany; ~1505 Anne of La Tour d'Auvergne (+1525), Countess of Auvergne 1501, of Lauraguais >

Jehan, Duc d'Albanye,

Conte de la Marche, de Mar & de Guereach,

Seigneur de Anerdel & de l'Isle de Man,

Regent & Protecteur du Royaume d'Escosse

(Oct 1556) [10: part I; p.9]

< Mary (+1560), daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise; Regent of Scotland [1542-1559/1560]; ~ 1538 King James V of Scotland >

We Marie, quene dowreir, and regent of Scotland

@ Samples [Auxiliary]:

(June 1482) [1: volume 12; p.156]

< Alexander (+ 1485), Duke of Albany; ~ (1) before 1475 (div 1477) Catherine Sinclair, Duchess of Albany; ~ (2) 1479 Anne of La Tour d'Auvergne >

I Allexander, King of Scotlande

--- 1558-1559 ( Mary I & Francis [ II in Scotland ] )

King of the Scots;

Dolphin of Viennois;

@ Added:

- [1558] Viennois

Queen Mary I married Francis, Dolphin of Viennois (Apr 1558).

@ Samples:

(Apr 1558) [30: volume II (1814); p.519]

Franciscus et Maria, Dei gratia Rex et Regina Scotorum ac

Delphinus et Delphina Viennen.

(June 1558) [17: p.493]

Marie, be the grace of God Quene of Scottis and

Dolphines of Viennois

(Jan 1559, n.s.) [23: volume I (1904); p.168; Doc.# IV]

Frances and Marie be the Grace of God King and Queen of Scottis

Daulphin and Daulphines of Viennoys

(July 1559) [24: volume II (1842); p.328; Doc.# XXXIV]

Franciscus et Maria, Dei gratia Rex et Regina Scotorum

Delphinus et Delphina Viennensis etc.

regnorum nostrorum annis primo et decimo septimo

--- 1559-1560 ( Mary I & Francis [ II in Scotland ] )

King of France, the Scots;

@ Replaced:

- [1559] Viennois with France

Francis, the first husband of Queen Mary I, succeeded in France (July 1559).

@ Samples:

(Aug 1559) [27: volume I; p.407;Doc.# XVI]

Franciscus et Maria Dei gratia rex et regina Francorum ac Scotorum &c.

(Mar 1560, n.s.) [10: part I; p.15] [15: tome I; p.69] [26: volume I (1834); p.262; Doc.# 3]

Franciscus et Maria dei gratia Francorum et Scotorum Rex et Regina

--- 1560-1565

Note. In 1560, the union of France and Scotland ended with the death of King Francis II of France, the first husband of Queen Mary I. However, she continued to use the title of Queen Dowager of France in some of her diplomas.

King of the Scots (, France);

@ Samples:

(June 1563) [28: volume XIV (1898); p.190]

Maria Dei gratia Scotorum Regina ac Francie Dotaria

(Dec 1564) [28: volume XIV (1898); p.209]

Maria Dei gratia Scotorum Regina, Francie Dotaria

(May 1565) [28: volume I (1877); p.337]

Marie be the grace of God Quene of Scottis

--- 1565-1567

King of the Scots;

@ Samples:

(Sep 1565) [13: volume III; p.250]

Henrie and Marie, be the grace of God King and Quene of Scotis

(Oct 1565) [28: volume XIV (1898); p.235]

Henricus et Maria Dei gratia Rex et Regina Scotorum

regnorum nostrorum annis primo et vicesimo tertio

(Jan 1566, n.s.) [28: volume I (1877); p.414]

Henrie and Marie be the grace of God King and Quene of Scottis

(Oct 1566) [28: volume XIV (1898); p.260]

Henricus et Maria Dei gratia Rex et Regina Scotorum

(July 1567) [9: volume 2; p.200]

Marie, be the grace of God, Quene of Scottis

--- 1567-1603

King of the Scots;

@ Samples:

(Aug 1568) [10: part I; p.51]

< James (+1625), King of Scotland (James VI) 1567, of England (James I) 1603 >

James be the grace of god king of scottis

(Sep 1572) [28: volume XIV (1898); p.288]

Jacobus Dei gratia Rex Scotorum

(Mar 1594) [1: volume 16; p.238]

James, by the Grace of God king of Scotts

--- 1603-1651

King of Scotland, England, France, Ireland;

@ Replaced:

- [1603] the Scots with Scotland England, France, Ireland

King James VI of Scotland, succeeded Queen Elizabeth I in England (1603).

@ Samples:

(Feb 1604) [18: p.112]

< James (+1625), King of Scotland (James VI) 1567, of England (James I) 1603 >

James be the grace of god King off Scotland England France and Ireland

defender off the faith

(Oct 1633) [22: p.184; Doc.# XV]

< Charles I (+1649), King of Scotland & England 1625 >

Carolus, Dei gratia Scotiae, Angliae, Franciae et Hiberniae Rex,

Fideique Defensor &c.

(May 1642) [11: volume III; p.168; Doc.# 125]

Carolus Dei gratia Scotiae, Angliae, Franciae et Hiberniae rex,

fideique defensor

--- 1651-1660 ( Interregnum )

--- 1660-1707

King of Scotland, England, France, Ireland;

@ Samples:

(Aug 1660) [20: p.297]

< Charles II (+1685), King of Scotland [1649-1651; 1660-], of England 1660 >

Charles, by the grace of God, King of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland,

Defender of the Faith

(1671) [12: year 1878; volume III (1615-1676); p.689]

Carolus, Dei gratia Scotie, Anglie, Francie et Hibernie Rex,

fideique defensor, etc.

(Feb 1687) [21: volume IV; p.417] [19: volume X; p.736]

< James VII (+1701), King of Scotland & England (James II) [1685–1688] >

James VII by the grace of God, king of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland,

Defender of the Faith, &c.

(May 1692) [25: p.20]

< William II (+1701), King of Scotland & England (William III) 1689; Prince of Orange; ~ 1677 Mary II (+1694), Queen of Scotland & England 1689 >

William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland,

Defenders of the Faith, &c., &c.

(Mar 1703) [19: volume XIV; p.994]

< Anne (+1714), Queen of Scotland & England 1702, of Great Britain 1707 >

Anne by the grace of God, queen of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland,

defender of the faith, &c.